1.0TBE Bookhttps://tbenews.com/tbeIThttps://tbenews.com/tbe/author/brianong/rich600338<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="UfZ7fykKZp"><a href="https://tbenews.com/tbe/13-27-9/">Russia</a></blockquote><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://tbenews.com/tbe/13-27-9/embed/#?secret=UfZ7fykKZp" width="600" height="338" title="“Russia” — TBE Book" data-secret="UfZ7fykKZp" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe><script> /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(d,l){"use strict";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),c=new RegExp("^https?:$","i"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display="none";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):"link"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute("src")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener("message",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute("data-secret"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+="#?secret="+t,e.setAttribute("data-secret",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:t},"*")},!1)))}(window,document); //# sourceURL=https://tbenews.com/tbe/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js </script> https://tbenews.com/tbe/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Russia.jpg1180250TBE in Russia Sergey Tkachev, Maria Esyunina and Maria Syrochkina E-CDC risk status: endemic (last edited in June 2026, update for 2024: 1659 reported cases; update for 2025: 1807 reported) Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was first revealed in the Far-East Taiga Forest in the Soviet Union in the spring-summer season 1933-19351 and further investigated as of 1937 in a large multidisciplinary expedition led by Professor Lev Zilber, the Head of the Moscow Medical Virology laboratory.2,3  The expedition demonstrated that the disease develops in humans after a tick-bite,4 and the “Taiga Tick” Ixodes persulcatus was established as the virus carrier. The viral etiology of the disease was confirmed and for the first time a strain of the TBE virus (TBEV) was isolated. The natural clinical disease spectrum in humans and the respective pathology were described and the effectiveness of “immunoglobulin-therapy” was demonstrated.5 In 1937, based on morphological studies TBE was assigned to the group of neuro-infections as an independent nosological entity.6,7 Vaccines against TBE have been available in Russia since 1939. Already in 1938 Kagan et al. developed the first mouse-brain propagated, formalin-inactivated vaccine from the Far East TBEV subtype “Sof’in” (1st generation of vaccines).8,9 Vaccine field effectiveness was established at the level of 98%, but the vaccine frequently induced serious adverse events. Another vaccine, a live attenuated product based on the Elantsev strain had not been licensed due to severe complications (encephalitis) in the vaccinated group.10 In 1950-1960 a 2nd generation of TBE vaccine was introduced which used chicken embryonic cell culture for virus reproduction.11 Finally, in the 1980s another new type of TBE vaccine was licensed in Russia which is currently still in use – a concentrated purified lyophilized 3rd generation vaccine.12,13 Only two species of ticks are epidemiologically significant in Russia: Ixodes persulcatus in the Asian part and some additional areas in the Urals and European part (Sverdlovsk and Yaroslavl regions) and I. ricinus in the European part. In some regions, Dermacentor tick species were found to be the main TBEV vectors (for example, Dermacentor reticulatus (previously known as D. pictus) in Udmurtia14-19; D. silvarum and D. nuttalli in the Altai Republic20 and the Republic of Tuva21; D. reticulatus, and D. marginatus in the Zhiguliovsk Reserve, which is located in the central part of Russia and inhabited by three species of ticks (I. persulcatus, D. reticulatus, and D. marginatus), and the abundance and TBEV infection rate of Dermacentor ticks were found even to be higher than those of I. persulcatus (4.3% vs. 1.4%, respectively).22 Moreover, in a number of regions I. pavlovskyi ticks have been described as TBEV vectors.23,24 Currently, TBEV is subdivided into three main subtypes- the European (TBEV-Eu), the Far-Eastern (TBEV-FE), and the Siberian (TBEV-Sib). The Siberian subtype dominance of the TBEV (over 60% of endemic areas) in the Russian Federation has been demonstrated by numerous virological and molecular-genetic studies.25-27 The Far Eastern subtype is found predominantly in the Far East, although it has been found in other territories, including Western Siberia, where it has been detected also in the blood of patients with tick-borne encephalitis.28 The European subtype is most commonly found in the European part of Russia, although foci of the pathogen have been found in Western and Eastern Siberia.23,29 Also, two putative TBEV subtypes (Baikalian and “178–79-like” subtypes) were described in East Siberia near Lake Baikal.25,30 It is believed that TBEV-Eu infection usually results in a rather mild form of TBE with a case fatality  rate of <2%, TBEV-Sib infection is believed to result in a generally mild illness associated with a non-paralytic febrile form of encephalitis with the tendency towards persistent TBE caused by chronic viral infection in some cases, and TBEV-FE infection causes the most severe forms of TBE.31 Importantly, viral subtype is not the only factor that may contribute to TBE severity, and both mild and severe cases of TBE could be associated with the infection by any of the TBEV subtypes. Official reporting of TBE cases in the USSR started in 1944. Fluctuations in TBE incidence had been observed because of the changes within the natural and anthropogenic focies, increased exposure to infected ticks, changes in the social behavior (outdoors activities, extension of the “cultured” areas, etc.), advances in diagnostics and well-designed implemented preventive measures.18 Over time, two disease peaks were observed in Russia (Fig. 1). Table 1: TBE in Russia Viral subtypes, distribution European, Siberian, and Far Eastern TBEV subtypes Reservoir animals Vertebrate reservoir animals assumed Infected tick species (%) 2,1% infected tick from people after tick bite 1,6% infected tick from natural foci32 Dairy product transmission Rare (goat, cow milk) Mandatory TBE reporting TBE case definition:The diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis is made based on  information about tick bite, outdoor activities in the TBE season (potential contact with natural foci), clinical course and the results of laboratory tests confirming the etiology of the disease.Laboratory criteria for case confirmation: The clinical diagnosis of TBE is considered confirmed in the following cases:– detection of IgM to the TBEV in blood serum in the acute period of the disease in conjunction with the detection of IgG in paired serum;– detection of a 4-fold or more increase in the IgG titer to the TBEV in paired serums, or seroconversion;– detection of a specific fragment of TBEV RNA in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples;– isolation of the TBEV.All TBE cases with laboratory confirmation are reported to the RospotrebnadzorVirology is performed in ticks only – ELISA or multiplex PCR for TBEV, Borrelia burgdorferi sl, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis / Ehrlichia muris Source: 3.3686-21 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the prevention of infectious diseases”, Section XX “Prevention of tick-borne encephalitis” Other TBE-surveillance Endemicity definition:An administrative territory shall be considered endemic for TBE if the features provided for in one of the following subparagraphs of this paragraph are present together:1) the presence of vectors of the TBEV (in natural and anthropourgic foci); laboratory-confirmed circulation of the TBEV or detection of TBEV antigen/RNA in ticks from natural foci and removed from humans; immunity to the TBEV in the