{"version":"1.0","provider_name":"TBE Book","provider_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe","author_name":"Administrator admin","author_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/author\/administrator-admin\/","title":"Poland - TBE Book","type":"rich","width":600,"height":338,"html":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"dWijh421xF\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/tbe12b25\/\">Poland<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src=\"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/tbe12b25\/embed\/#?secret=dWijh421xF\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" title=\"&#8220;Poland&#8221; &#8212; TBE Book\" data-secret=\"dWijh421xF\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\"><\/iframe><script>\n\/*! This file is auto-generated *\/\n!function(d,l){\"use strict\";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&\"undefined\"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!\/[^a-zA-Z0-9]\/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),c=new RegExp(\"^https?:$\",\"i\"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display=\"none\";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute(\"style\"),\"height\"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):\"link\"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute(\"src\")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener(\"message\",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll(\"iframe.wp-embedded-content\"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute(\"data-secret\"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+=\"#?secret=\"+t,e.setAttribute(\"data-secret\",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:\"ready\",secret:t},\"*\")},!1)))}(window,document);\n\/\/# sourceURL=https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-embed.min.js\n<\/script>\n","thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Poland.jpg","thumbnail_width":1180,"thumbnail_height":250,"description":"TBE in Poland Katarzyna Pancer and W\u0142odzimierz Gut E-CDC risk status: endemic (data as of end 2022)&nbsp; History and current situation Clinical symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were first described in Poland in 1948 by Demiaszkiewicz. All patients had been living in the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca region (in northeastern Poland). Similar infections were described to those that had been diagnosed in the same region before World War II as complicated cases of typhoid fever or influenza.1 Twenty-eight cases of TBE were identified in 1952 among patients hospitalized in Nysa K\u0142odzka (in southwestern Poland). In 1954, 35 cases were identified in the Olsztyn region in northern Poland. More cases were recognized in the following years across different regions of Poland: northern (Gda\u0144sk, Szczecin), central (\u0141\u00f3d\u017a), and southern (Krak\u00f3w). This was the catalyst for scientific research studies by Przesmycki\u2019s team in selected regions of the country in the years 1953 through 1957.2 In these studies, tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEV) were isolated from human specimens as well as from animal samples (small mammals) and vectors (ticks). Isolated viruses were determined to be TBEV, European subtype.2\u20134 Seroprevalence studies were conducted in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Serum samples collected from ~17,000 blood donors and 20,000 forest workers living in different parts of Poland were examined. Distribution of positive serological results varied depending on place of residence: ranging from 0.5% to 6.5% among blood donors and 7% to 27% among forest workers. The seroprevalence data also indicated high numbers of asymptomatic or non-severe infections among examined populations.2,5\u20139 The developed distribution map of TBE cases and confirmed presence of TBEV in Poland was based on results from seroprevalence studies, viral isolation, and clinical data. Some regions were determined to be endemic for TBEV. These included provinces in the northeastern part of Poland (Bia\u0142ystok, Olsztyn, Suwalki) and southwestern Poland (Opole).3,4,6\u201312 In total, 576 TBE cases were reported during the 23 years of surveillance (1970\u20131992); the annual number of reported TBE infections varied from 4 (1991) to 60 (1970), and the incidence ranged from 0.01\/100,000 inhabitants to 0.2\/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. In the 1980s, the number of reported TBE cases decreased to 14\u201319 cases annually because of abandonment of diagnostics tests.2,13 In 1993, when new commercial tests became available in Poland, reported TBE cases increased more than 30-fold in comparison to 1992 (249 vs. 8 cases). In 1993, the incidence of TBE (0.65\/100,000) was the highest observed since surveillance began in 1970. This trend continued into the 21st century, and more than 300 TBE cases were reported in the years 2003 (339 cases), 2006 (317 cases), and 2009 (351 cases). The highest incidence (0.92\/100,000) was reported in 2009. The annual number of reported TBE cases decreased to 149 in 2015.13 In total, 3,662 cases of TBE were reported in Poland between 2000 and 2015. The incidence has varied from 0.33 to 0.92\/100,000. A 3\u20134-year cycle was identified based on the reported numbers of TBE cases, with peaks observed in 2003, 2006, and 2009. TBE cases were identified in all regions of Poland except one: there was no diagnosed or reported TBE case in Lubuskie Province, which is located at the Western border region along the banks of the Odra River. In contrast, more than 70% of the reported cases in each year were diagnosed in two provinces in the northeastern part of Poland: Podlaskie (Bia\u0142ystok) with &gt;45% reported TBE cases and an incidence &gt;6\/100,000, and Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurskie (Olsztyn) with 25% cases and an incidence &gt;1.5\/100,000. Also, outbreaks of TBE were observed in those same regions during spring-summer time.13 In contrast to Central European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland) the reported Polish TBE case numbers in 2018 did not significantly increase in summer time. Also the total number of 197 TBE cases is ~30% lower than in the previous years (279 cases in 2017, 283 cases in 2016) (Fig.3). However, a similar phenomenon of increased number of the reported TBE cases during the summer time was observed in 2016, but the total number of TBE cases this year was comparable to those reported in 2017 but higher than the number of TBE cases reported in 2015 (149 cases)20. The age of patients with diagnosed TBE ranged from 3 to 80 years, but the majority of patients were &gt;20 years old.13 Almost 20% of all reported TBE cases were associated with work or visits in the area where TBEV-infected ticks were found. Moreover, food-borne transmission was documented in 1975 and 1995. The source of infection was fresh, non-pasteurized milk of cows (1975) or goats (1995) contaminated with TBEV.14,15 The mortality rate observed for the reported TBE cases in Poland ranged from 0.5% to 2.8% and was similar to that observed in other European countries where European subtype of TBEV (TBEV-EU) variants have been confirmed.5,13 Prevention of TBE is based on decreasing the probability of infection by limiting exposure to infected ticks (wearing appropriate clothing, use of insect repellents, etc.), by vaccination, and by appropriate preparation of milk (pasteurization, boiling). Since 1952 the commercial sale of milk in Poland is only allowed after thermal preparation. However, fresh milk is still available in local markets.14,15 In Poland vaccination against TBEV started in the 1970s. At the beginning of this campaign, vaccination was done using the Russian (local brand name: \u201cVaccinum Encephalitis Ixodice\u201d), which consisted of a formalin-inactivated TBEV-Siberian type. Since 1993 this vaccine was replaced by the two EMA-licensed vaccines with a TBEV-EU subtype as the seed virus for production (FSME-Immun (Pfizer) and Encepur (Bavarian Nordic)).2,16\u201317 Both vaccines are available for use in children and adults. Vaccination against TBEV is recommended in Poland, especially for forest workers, foragers of forest undergrowth, and tourists. The costs of vaccination are not reimbursed, except through campaigns paid for by employers or local communities (medical service, forest workers etc.). In Poland, 27,849 persons were vaccinated in 2015, among them 11,516 below the age of 19 years.18 The rather low rate of vaccination against TBE among people in Poland has no effect on the number of reported TBE"}