{"version":"1.0","provider_name":"TBE Book","provider_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe","author_name":"Administrator admin","author_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/author\/administrator-admin\/","title":"Russia - TBE Book","type":"rich","width":600,"height":338,"html":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"SpoW80hUZn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/tbe12b27\/\">Russia<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" src=\"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/tbe12b27\/embed\/#?secret=SpoW80hUZn\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" title=\"&#8220;Russia&#8221; &#8212; TBE Book\" data-secret=\"SpoW80hUZn\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\"><\/iframe><script>\n\/*! This file is auto-generated *\/\n!function(d,l){\"use strict\";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&\"undefined\"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!\/[^a-zA-Z0-9]\/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret=\"'+t.secret+'\"]'),c=new RegExp(\"^https?:$\",\"i\"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display=\"none\";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute(\"style\"),\"height\"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):\"link\"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute(\"src\")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener(\"message\",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll(\"iframe.wp-embedded-content\"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute(\"data-secret\"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+=\"#?secret=\"+t,e.setAttribute(\"data-secret\",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:\"ready\",secret:t},\"*\")},!1)))}(window,document);\n\/\/# sourceURL=https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-embed.min.js\n<\/script>\n","thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/tbenews.com\/tbe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Russia.jpg","thumbnail_width":1180,"thumbnail_height":250,"description":"TBE in Russia Vladimir Igorevich Zlobin, Maria Esyunina and Maria Syrochkina E-CDC risk status: endemic (data as of end 2022)\u00a0 History and current situation TBE was first revealed in the Far-East Taiga Forest in the Soviet Union in springs and summers between 1933\u201319351 and it was further investigated as of 1937 at a large multidisciplinary expedition led by Professor Lev Zilber, the Head of the Moscow Medical Virology laboratory.2,3 The expedition demonstrated that the disease develops in humans after a tick bite,4 and the \u201cTaiga Tick\u201d Ixodes persulcatus was established as the virus carrier. The viral etiology of the disease was confirmed and the first strain of TBE virus (TBEV) was isolated. The clinical disease spectrum in humans and the respective pathology were described and the effectiveness of immunoglobulin-therapy was shown.5 Based on morphological studies since 1937 TBE was assigned to the group of neuro-infections as an independent nosological entity.6,7 Vaccines against TBE have been available in Russia since 1939. Already in 1938 Kagan et al. developed the first \u201cmouse brain\u201d formalin-inactivated vaccine from the Far East TBEV subtype \u201cSof\u2019in\u201d (1st generation of vaccines).17,18 Vaccine impact was established at the level of 98%, but it frequently induced serious adverse events. A live attenuated vaccine based on the Elantsev strain had not been licensed due to severe complications (encephalitis) in the vaccinated group.19 In 1950\u20131960 a 2nd generation of TBE vaccine was introduced which used chicken embryonic cell culture for virus reproduction.20 The vaccine was upscaled in 1961\u20131966 and tested in Western Siberia with good real effectiveness. In the1980s another new type of TBE vaccine was licensed and is currently in use, a concentrated purified lyophilized 3rd generation vaccine.21,22 The Siberian subtype dominance of the TBEV (over 60% of endemic areas) in the Russian Federation was demonstrated by numerous virological studies8,9. Only two species of ticks are epidemiologically significant in Russia: I. persulcatus in the Asian part and some additional areas in the European part (Yaroslavl, Sverdlovsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Primorsky regions) and I. ricinus in the European part. There is a less epidemiologically significant species \u2013 D. pictus \u2013 confirmed as a carrier of the TBEV in Udmurtia.10-15 Official reporting of TBE cases in the USSR started in 1944. Fluctuations in TBE incidence had been observed because of the changes within the natural and anthropogenic focies, increased exposure to infected ticks, changes in the social behavior (outdoors activities, extension of the \u201ccultured\u201d areas, etc.), advances in diagnostics and well-designed implemented preventive measures.14 Over time, two disease peaks were observed in Russia (Fig. 1). In the mid-1950s over 5000 cases were reported followed by a gradual decrease of the incidence until 1970. This was explained by human expansion into natural TBE foci as well as by considerable progress in establishing the diagnosis by improved laboratory methods. In 1965\u20131971 morbidity decreased year by year mainly due to broadly used acaricides (including DDT). From 1972 to 1991, however, morbidity increased again to the level recorded in 1964, because the vector population control had been canceled. Since 1992, a number of socioeconomic factors, including large-scale allotment of land for garden plots and the growing popularity of outdoor activities, have entailed a high risk of tick bites for the urban population. As a result, the indices of TBE morbidity reached the highest values ever recorded.15 TBE peaked in 1996 and 1999 with incidence rates in these years around 7.0 per 100,000 persons, resulting in more than 10,000 cases per year in the country. In two periods (1997\u20132006 and 2007\u20132016) all Russian Federation (RF) endemic regions were divided into three groups with an either low (\u22642.9 per 100,000 population), moderate (3.0\u20138.4 per 100,000) or high (\u22658.5 per 100,000) TBE incidence (Figure 2A and B). Between 1997 and 2006 the average TBE incidence in Russia was 4.0 \u00b1 0.05 per 100,000 totally 58,585 cases in 55 regions of Russia. At that time the number of regions known to be endemic for the disease grew progressively from 41 in 1997 to 47 in 2001 and 2003. The group of regions with a high incidence per 100,000 population included 15 regions, where a total of 48,166 (82.2%) of TBE cases were registered: Tomsk (40.2), Krasnoyarsk (32.6), Udmurt Republic (28.8), Altai (27.0), Khakassia (26.4), Tuva (23.0), Irkutsk (20.9), Kurgan (16.8), Tyumen (15.9), Buryatia (15.3), Perm (13.8), Kemerovo (11.6), Sverdlovsk region (11.0), Novosibirsk (10.8) and Chelyabinsk (8.6). Nine regions were included into the moderate incidence group with 6,482 registered cases (11.1%), i.e. six regions in the European part of Russia [Republic of Karelia (7.6), Kirov (6.6), Vologda (4.5), Kostroma (4.0), Arkhangelsk (3.6) and Novgorod regions (3.2)]; and 3 regions in the Asian part (Altai (5.9), Zabaikalsky (5.6) and Primorsky (5.3) regions). In 28 regions low incidence rates were registered (25 regions in the European part and 3 in the Asian part of Russia). In 2007\u20132016 the incidence has been 1.9\u00b10.04 per 100,000 with 27,351 TBE cases registered. During this decade, the most intensive epidemic process occurred in the Asian endemic areas. High incidence rates in the European part of the RF were registered in the Kirov region (8.8%). In the Asian part a cluster was formed between the bordering regions of Altai (16.7), Krasnoyarsk (16.2), Tomsk (16.2), Khakassia (10.6) and Tuva (10.6). Moderate incidence rates were established in 6 regions in the European part and 8 regions in the Asian part, low incidence in 23 regions (Figure 1, B.). In summary, the incidence of TBE in the RF has significantly decreased over the past decade in all regions except in Kirov, where an incidence increase from 6.6 \u00b1 0.7 per 100,000 in 1997\u20132006 to 8.8 \u00b1 0.8 per 100,000 in 2007\u20132016 was observed. The registered frequency of tick bites remained constant over time (1944\u20132016) and is at the level of 400,000\u2013550,000 per year.16 The number of endemic regions of Russia increased from 37 (1956) to 48 (2019). The distribution of TBE in Russia has territorial unevenness, with the largest number of cases recorded in the Siberian Federal District (45%\u201348% of the"}