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Chapter 2a: Virology

36. Proutski V, Gould EA, Holmes EC. Secondary 45. Asghar N, Lee YP, Nilsson E, et al. The role of
structure of the 3′ untranslated region of the poly(A) tract in the replication and
flaviviruses: similarities and differences. Nucl virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Sci
Acid Res. 1997;25:1194-202. Rep. 2016;6:39265.

37. Gritsun TS, Gould EA. Origin and evolution of 46. Sakai M, Yoshii K, Sunden Y, et al. Variable
flavivirus 5’UTRs and panhandles: trans- region of the 3′ UTR is a critical virulence
terminal duplications? Virology. 2007;366:8- factor in the Far-Eastern subtype of tick-borne
15. encephalitis virus in a mouse model. J Gen
Virol. 2014;95:823-35.
38. Wallner G, Mandl CW, Kunz C, Heinz FX. The
flavivirus 3′- noncoding region: extensive size 47. Gritsun TS, Gould EA. The 3′ untranslated
heterogeneity independent of evolutionary region of tick-borne flaviviruses originated by
relationships among strains of tick-borne the duplication of long repeat sequences
encephalitis virus. Virology. 1995;213:169-78. within the open reading frame. Virology.
2006;354:217-23.
39. Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Molecular biology of
flaviviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2003;59:23-61. 48. Gritsun TS, Gould EA. Origin and evolution of
3’UTR of flaviviruses: long direct repeats as a
40. Mandl CW, Kunz C, Heinz FX. Presence of poly basis for the formation of secondary structures
(A) in a flavivirus: significant differences and their significance for virus transmission.
between the 3′ noncoding regions of the Adv Virus Res. 2007;69:203-48.
genomic RNAs of tick-borne encephalitis virus
strains. J Virol. 1991;65:4070-7. 49. Roby JA, Pijlman GP, Wilusz J, Khromykh AA.
Noncoding subgenomic flavivirus RNA:
41. Formanová P, Černý J, Bolfíková BČ, et al. Full multiple functions in West Nile virus
genome sequences and molecular pathogenesis and modulation of host
characterization of tick-borne encephalitis responses. Viruses. 2014;6:404-27.
virus strains isolated from human patients.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015;6:38-46. 50. Khromykh AA, Westaway EG. RNA binding
properties of core protein of the flavivirus
42. Leonova GN, Belikov SI, Kondratov IG, Kunjin. Arch Virol. 1996;141:685-99.
Takashima I. Comprehensive assessment of
the genetics and virulence of tick-borne 51. Samsa MM, Mondotte JA, Iglesias NG, et al.
encephalitis virus strains isolated from Dengue virus capsid protein usurps lipid
patients with inapparent and clinical forms of droplets for viral particle formation. PLoS
the infection in the Russian Far East. Virology. Pathog. 2009;5:e1000632.
2013;443:89-98.
52. Kofler RM, Heinz FX, Mandl CW. Capsid
43. Mandl CW, Holzmann H, Meixner T, et al. protein C of tick- borne encephalitis virus
Spontaneous and engineered deletions in the tolerates large internal deletions and is a
3′ noncoding region of tick- borne encephalitis favorable target for attenuation of virulence.
virus: construction of highly attenuated J Virol. 2002;76:3534-43.
mutants of a flavivirus. J Virol. 1998;72:2132-
40. 53. Kofler RM, Leitner A, O’Riordain G, Heinz FX,
Mandl CW. Spontaneous mutations restore
44. Sakai M, Muto M, Hirano M, Kariwa H, Yoshii the viability of tick-borne encephalitis virus
K. Virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus is mutants with large deletions in protein C.
associated with intact conformational viral J Virol. 2003;77:443-51.
RNA structures in the variable region of the 3′-
UTR. Virus Res. 2015;203:36-40.

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